Every programming language family

by Visual Anything · published Oct 31, 2026 · a topic map

Where today's programming languages came from, and which older ones each grew out of.

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Programming Language Families
Early Foundations
Machine Code
Assembly
Plankalkül
Short Code
Autocode
FORTRAN Family
FORTRAN
Fortran 90
Fortran 2003
ALGOL Family
ALGOL 60
ALGOL 68
Pascal
Modula-2
Oberon
Delphi
Ada
Simula
CPL
C Family
BCPL
B
C
C++
Objective-C
C#
Java
Go
Rust
D
Swift
JavaScript
TypeScript
Kotlin
Scala
Groovy
Lisp Family
Lisp
Scheme
Common Lisp
Clojure
Racket
Emacs Lisp
ML Family
ML
Standard ML
OCaml
F#
Haskell
Miranda
Elm
PureScript
Idris
Business Languages
COBOL
RPG
PL/I
ABAP
Object-Oriented Smalltalk Line
Smalltalk
Ruby
Self
Scripting Languages
Shell Languages
Bourne Shell
Bash
Zsh
PowerShell
AWK
Perl
PHP
Python
ABC
Lua
Tcl
Julia
Logic Languages
Prolog
Datalog
Mercury
Erlang
Elixir
Array Languages
APL
J
K
MATLAB
R
BASIC Family
BASIC
Microsoft BASIC
Visual Basic
VBA
Query and Markup
SQL
HTML
CSS
XML
LaTeX
Concatenative and Stack
Forth
PostScript
Factor
WebAssembly
Hardware Description
Verilog
VHDL